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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Franklin K. Lane, Secretary 



United States Geological Survey 
George Otis Smith, Director 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 421 



PROFILE SURVEYS IN 1915 

ALONG THE 

/' 

RIO GRANDE, PECOS RIVER, AND MORA RIVER 
NEW MEXICO 



PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 

W. H. HERRON 

AcTiNa Chief Geographbb 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPPIOE 
1916 




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Book . Ni b ri ^ 



Digitized by tine Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/profilesurveysinOOherr 



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3 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Franklin K. Lane, Secretary 



United States Geological Survey 

George Otis Smith, Director 



Water-Supply Paper 421 



PROFILE SURVEYS IN 1915 

ALONG THE 



RIO GRANDE, PECOS RIVER, AND MORA RIYER 

NEW MEXICO 



PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 

W. H. HERRON 

Acting Chief Geographer 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1916 



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ADDITIONAL COPIES 

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM 

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

■WASHINGTON, D. C. 

AT 

15 CENTS PER COPY 



D, of D. 
JAN 25 19ir 






CONTENTS. 



Introduction 5 

Rio Grande 5 

Pecos River 8 

Mora River 9 

Publications 10 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Plates I-II. Plan and profile of Rio Grande in the vicinity of Buckman, N. Mex. 
(Sheets A and B.) 
Ill- VII. Plan and profile of Rio Grande from Embudo, N. Mex., to the Colo- 
rado State line. (Sheets A-E.) 
VIII-IX. Plan and profile of Pecos River above Alexander Valle Grant, N. Mex. 
(Sheets A and B.) 
X-XI. Plan and profile of Mora River from mouth to east boundary of Mora 

Grant, N. Mex. (Sheets A and B.) 
47189°— 16 3 



PROFILE SURVEYS ALOM THE RIO GRANDE, PECOS 
RIVER, Am MORA RIVER, LN NEW MEXICO. 



Prepared under the direction of W. H. Heeeon, Acting Chief 

Geographer. 



INTRODUCTION. 

In order to determine the location of undeveloped water powers 
the Linited States Geological Survey has from time to time, alone and 
in cooperation with State organizations, made surveys and profiles 
of some of the rivers of the United-States that are adapted to the de- 
velopment of power by low or medium heads of 20 to 100 feet. 

The surveys are made by means of plane table and stadia. Eleva- 
tions are based on heights derived from primary or precise levels of 
the United States Geological Survey. The maps are made in the 
field, and show not only the outlines of the river banks, the islands, 
the positions of rapids, falls, shoals, and existing dams, and the cross- 
ings of all ferries and roads, but the contours of banks to an elevation 
high enough to indicate the possibihty of using the stream. The ele- 
vations of the various bench marks left are noted on the field sheets 
in their proper positions. 

RIO GRANDE. 1 

The Rio Grande rises near the crest of the Continental Divide on the 
eastern slope of the San Juan Mountains in Colorado, at an elevation 
of approximately 12,500 feet above sea level, takes a general south- 
easterly course, and discharges into the Gulf of Mexico a few miles 
east of Brownsville, Tex. From its source the river foUows an 
easterly course through a narrow canyon-Hke vaUey nearly to Del 
Norte, where the steep sides of the vaUey recede to inclose the large, 
level parkhke region known as the San Luis VaUey, which extends 
for 150 miles from north to south and has a maximum width of 50 
miles, and through which the river flows for the most part between 
low banks. From Del Norte the general course of the Rio Grande is 
southeasterly to Garland Junction, where it becomes southerly. 

1 The description of the part of the drainage basin in New Mexico is taken largely from Lee, W. T., Water 
resources of the Rio Grande valley in New Mexico: U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 188, 1907. 

5 



6 PROFILE SURVEYS IN" NEW MEXICO. 

Four miles above the Colorado-New Mexico line, at the lower end 
of San Luis Valley, the river enters a canyon locally known as the 
Rio Grande Canyon, which continues to the head of Espanola Valley 
near Embudo. This canyon increases in depth from 100 feet at the 
State line to 700 feet near the mouth of Rio Hondo and appears from 
above as a gash in an otherwise level mesa. The fall of the river 
through the canyon is about 30 feet per mile. For a large part of its 
remainmg course the stream passes through a succession of valleys 
or erosion basins which are separated by rock canyons and are limited 
in form and size by the character of the material in which they were 
excavated. 

From the lov/er end of the Rio Grande Canyon the river flows 
through Espanola Valley (which is 3 to 4 miles wide and extends to 
a point near San Ildefonso) and enters White Rock Canyon, a narrow 
gorge, about 20 miles long and in places 500 feet deep, which owes 
its existence to sheets of hard igneous rock that protect the under- 
lying sands and gravels. The fallen this canyon is about 10 feet per 
miile. 

At a point almost directly west of Santa Fe the river enters Santo 
Domingo Valley, through which it flows to the upper end of San 
Fehpe Canyon, 7 miles south of the Indian pueblo of Santo Domingo. 
This valley is 1 to 3 miles wide and contains about 13,000 acres of 
bottom land that has been irrigated for many years. The greater 
part of this land lies only a few feet above the bed of the river and is 
subject to frequent overflow. 

Passing through San Fehpe Canyon, which is a short gorge, the 
river enters Albuquerque Valley, through which it flows for a distance 
of about 35 miles until it- reaches Isleta Narrows. Albuquerque 
Valley ranges in width from 1 to 5 miles and comprises approxi- 
mately 70,000 acres of bottom land. It is bounded on both sides by 
steep bluffs of sand and gravel. 

The narrowing at Isleta Narrows is caused by the presence of the 
hard igneous rock of an extinct volcanic cone west of Isleta. Below 
the narrows the river flows for 45 miles through Belen VaUey, which 
extends to San Acacia and contains approximately 65,000 acres of 
bottom land. 

From Belen Valley the river passes through San Acacia Gorge — a 
short, narrow gorge 250 feet deep, cut through an arm of the lava 
sheet which crosses the river course — and enters Socorro Valley, 
which extends southward to San Marcial, a distance of 40 miles, and 
comprises about 60,000 acres of bottom land. 

Beginning a short distance below San Marcial is a narrow valley, 
about 40 miles long, which is cut in detritus and which differs from 
the others in being very narrow and having no bottom lands. This 
valley is the site of the Engle reservoir under construction by the 



PROFILE SURVEYS IIST NEW MEXICO. 7 

United States Reclamation Service. A few miles north of Elephant 
Butte the river enters a narrow rock canyon which extends to the 
end of the Cahallos Mountains and in which, opposite Elephant Butte, 
is the Engle dam site. 

Below Elephant Butte Canyon the Rio Grande flows through Las 
Palomas Valley to Rincon, a distance of 50 miles. The bottom lands 
in this valley include about 26,000 acres. From Las Palomas Valley 
the river enters Selden Canyon, which is 18 miles long but not so 
uniformly narrow as the other canyons, for it contains about 8,000 
acres of bottom land. 

Emerging from Selden Canyon at old Fort Selden, the river enters 
Mesilla Valley, the largest of the erosion basins of the Rio Grande, 
extending southward 50 miles to The Pass. The valley has a maxi- 
mum width of 8 miles and contains approximately 150,000 acres of 
bottom land. It is cut in unconsolidated sand and gravel, its floor 
being 300 feet lower than the mesa level. 

Below Mesilla Valley, just above El Paso, the river flows through 
a narrow gorge about 90 feet deep, cut in a low ledge of hard rock. 

From El Paso to its mouth the river forms the boundary between 
the United States and Mexico. For a distance of 100 miles below El 
Paso it flows in a broad lowland known as El Paso Valley, 250 feet 
below the general upland level. This plain becomes gradually nar- 
rower, until it terminates at a point 100 miles southeast of El Paso 
and the river cuts through a narrow gorge, 5 miles long, formed by 
the southeastern extension of the Quitman Mountains. 

Below the canyon is another broad valley, 16 miles long, which 
terminates a few miles above the mouth of Glenn Creek. For the 
next 60 miles the river flows through a mountainous region where the 
vafley is narrow and in many places gorgelike. Near Ruidoso the 
mountains recede, leaving a broad valley with comparatively gentle 
side slopes. This characteristic of the topography continues for the 
next 60 miles (measured in a stright line) until at a point about 20 
miles below Presidio the river again enters a canyon. Thence to the 
fall line, near Del Rio, the river flows through a succession of canyons 
and narrow valleys, with an occasional area in which the mountains 
are sufficiently far apart to include valleys of considerable area. 

From Del Rio to the mouth the river flows through the Coastal 
Plain region, which is characterized by comparatively low topographic 
relief, and a few miles east of Brownsville, Tex., it discharges into the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

The results of surveys made in 1915 along the Rio Grande in the 
vicinity of Buckman, N. Mex., and from Embudo, N. Mex., to the 
Colorado State line are presented in the plans and profiles that 
form Plates I to VII. 



8 PROFILE SUEVEYS IIST NEW MEXICO. 

On this stretch of the Rio Grande the United States Geoloo;ical 
Survey has maintained gaging stations near Embudo, N. Mex. 
(1889-1903, and continuously since 1912) and near Buckman, 
N. Mex.i (1895-1905; 1909-1914). 

PECOS RIVER. 

Pecos River, one of the largest tributaries of the lower Rio Grande, 
drams an area comprismg about 32,000 square miles and extending 
from the Taos Mountams in nortliern New Mexico to the southern 
edge of the western panhandle region in Texas. Its source is on the 
eastern slope of the Santa Fe Range, in the extreme western corner 
of Mora County, at an elevation of 11,000 feet, and its course is 
southerly nearly to Punta Pajarita, thence southeasterly to the 
southeast corner of Guadalupe Coujity, thence southerly again to 
Carlsbad, and then once more southerly to its junction with the Rio 
Grande at Moorhead, Valverde County, Tex. The branches of the 
Pecos, except some of the upper tributaries, are intermittent, though 
at times they carry large floods. The chief tributaries are Rio de la 
Vaca, Rio Tecolote, Gallinas River, Canyon Blanco, Pintada Canyon, 
and Alamo Gordo, Salt, Felix, Penasco, Seven Rivers, Delaware, 
Toyah, and Comanche creeks. Below Fort Sumner there are no 
important tributaries from the east, as the boundary of effective 
surface drainage of the Pecos parallels the river at a distance of 50 
miles. The few streams in this region rise in the edge of the high 
plams but lose their waters in the porous soil withm a few miles. 
Many of the streams in the western part of the basm smk before reach- 
ing the Pecos, and it is probable that the streams actually reaching 
the Pecos lose much water by seepage after leaving the mountains. 

The upper Pecos flows through narrow valleys and deeply cut 
gorges nearly down to Fort Sumner, and in this part of the basin 
the elevations range from 4,500 feet to 11,000 feet above sea level. 
Below Fort Sumner the canyon-like walls of the Pecos are replaced 
by low roUing hills, and at Roswell the gradation from the flood plams 
to the rollmg prairie of the lower part of the drainage basm is imper- 
ceptible. Arroyos and gulches are rare, and canyons are practically 
unlmown. Elevations in the lower section of the basin range from 
1,000 feet at the mouth to 4,500 feet near the footliills. 

The distribution of precipitation throughout the Pecos basin is 
somewhat peculiar. Near the source of the river there is a very small 
area in which the mean annual precipitation is 20 mches or more, but, 
the rate drops to 15 inches at Anton Chico and to less than 13 inches 
at Santa Rosa. From this point to Carlsbad there is a narrow strip, 
comcidmg practically with the immediate vaUey of the Pecos, where 
the precipitation is between 12 and 13 inches, and east and west of 

1 Published also as "near Rio Grande " and as " near San Ildefonso." 



PROFILE SURVEYS IN ISTEW MEXICO. 9 

this narrow area it increases to 15 inches or more. Below Carlsbad 
the increase is fairly uniform to 19 inches at the mouth. Except on 
the mountains in the upper section of the basin, where much of it 
occurs as snow, by far the greater part of the precipitation is the rain 
of the summer storms. 

The Carlsbad project of the United States Reclamation Service irri- 
gates about 20,000 acres in the vicinity of Carlsbad. The irrigation 
plan provides for the storage' of water in Lake McMillan, which is on 
the Pecos near Lakewood, and in a storage and distributing reservoir 
on the Pecos near Carlsbad, controlled by the Avalon dam, and for the 
diversion of water from the Avalon reservoir into a canal system 
watering lands on both sides in the vicinity of Carlsbad. The two 
reservoirs have a combined capacity of 72,000 acre-feet, thus exerting 
a marked effect on the flow of the Pecos below Carlsbad. 

Irrigation is also extensively practiced in other sections of the 
Pecos Valley, especially in the vicinity of Pecos, Tex. 

The results of surveys made in 1915 along Pecos River are presented 
in plans and profiles forming Plates VIII and IX. 

The United States Geological Survey has maintained the following 
gaging stations on Pecos River in New Mexico. The stations are 
arranged in downstream order. A dash after the date indicates that 
station was being maintained June 30, 1916. A period after the date 
indicates discontinuance. 

Pecos River near Cowles, N. Mex., 1910-1914. 

Pecos River near Anton Chico, N. Mex., 1910-1914. 

Pecos River at Santa Rosa, N. Mex., 1903-1906; 1910-1914. 

Pecos River near Guadalupe, N. Mex., 1912-1914. 

Pecos River near Fort Sumner, N. Mex., 1904-1910; 1912-13. 

Pecos River near Roswell, N. Mex., 1903-1906. 

Pecos River near Dayton, N. Mex., 1905- 

Pecos River near Lakewood, N. Mex., 1906-1911. 

Pecos River at Avalon, N. Mex., 1906-7. 

Pecos River at Carlsbad, N. Mex., 1903-1908; 1914- 

MORA RIVER. 

Mora River rises in the northwestern part of Mora County, N. Mex.^ 
and flows southeastward to Watrous, and thence eastward to a point 
near Sanghez in San Miguel County, where it joins Canadian River. 
Except for Coyote and CeboUa creeks and Sapello River (which enters 
at Watrous), its tributaries are short and unimportant. 



10 PROFILE SURVEYS IN" NEW MEXICO. 

The results of a survey made in 1915 along Mora River are pre- 
sented in tlie plan and profile forming Plates X and XI of this report. 

The following gaging stations have been maintained by the United 
States Geological Survey on Mora River in New Mexico. The sta- 
tions are arranged in downstream order, and the dates indicate the 
periods during which they were continued. 

Mora River and La Cueva canal at La Cueva, N. Mex., 1903-1911. 
Mora River near Weber, N. Mex., 1903-4. 
Mora River near Watrous, N. Mex., 1894-1896. 
Mora River near Shoemaker, N. Mex., 1914. 

PUBLICATIONS. 

The following publications of the Geological Survey contain the 
results of investigations of stream flow at the stations indicated in 
the preceding lists : 

Rio Grande: 

Annual Reports: Eleventh, Part II; Twelfth, Part II; Thirteenth, Part III; 
Fourteenth, Part II; Eighteenth, Part IV; Nineteenth, Part IV; Twentieth, 
Part IV; Twenty-first, Part IV; Twenty-second, Part IV. 
Bulletins: 131, 140. 

Water-Supply Papers: 11, 16, 28, 37, 50, 66, 75, 84, 99, 132, 174, 268, 288, 308, 328, 
358, 388. 
Pecos River: 

Water-Supply Papers: 99, 132, 174, 210, 248, 268, 288, 308, 328, 358, 388. 
Mora River: 

Annual Reports: Eighteenth, Part IV. 

Bulletins: 131, 140. 

Water-Supply Papers: 11, 99, 131, 173, 209, 247, 267, 287, 307. 

Water-supply papers and other publications of the United States 
Geological Survey containing data in regard to the water resources 
of the United States may be obtained or consulted as indicated below. 

1. Copies may be obtained free of charge by applying to the 
Director of the Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. The edition 
printed for free distribution is, however, small and is soon exhausted. 

2. Copies may be purchased at nominal cost from the Superinten- 
dent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, 
who will on application furnish lists giving prices. 

3. Sets of the reports may be consulted in the libraries of the 
principal cities in the United States. 



PKOFILE SURVEYS IN NEW MEXICO. 11 

4. Complete sets are available for consultation in the local offices 
of the water-resources branch of the Geological Survey, as follows : 

Boston, Mass., Customhouse. 

Albany, N. Y., room 18, Federal Building. 

Atlanta, Ga., Post Office Building. 

Madison, Wis., care of Railroad Commission of Wisconsin. 

St. Paul, Minn., Old Capitol Building. 

Austin, Tex., Old Post Office Building. 

Helena, Mont., Montana National Bank Building. 

Denver, Colo., 403 New Post Office Building. 

Phoenix, Ariz., 417 Fleming Building. 

Salt Lake City, Utah, 421 Federal Building. 

Boise, Idaho, 615 Idaho Building. 

Tacoma, Wash., 406 Federal Building. 

Portland, Oreg., 416 Couch Building. 

San Francisco, Cal., 328 Customhouse. 

Los Angeles, Cal., 619 Federal Building. 

Honolulu, Hawaii, Kapiolani Building. 

A list of the Geological Survey's publications may be obtained by 
applying to the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 
Washington, D. C. 

o 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

RiO GRANDE 

VICINITY OF BUCKMAN. NEW MEXICO 



SHEET A 



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Sledje Tatum, Geographer in charge 
Topography by R. C. Seitz 
Surveyed in 1915 



Scale slW 



Subject to adjustment 



2 SHEETS 
(I plan, 1 profile) 







Contour interval on land 26 feet 
Contour interval on river surface 6 feet 
Datum is mean tea level 
1916 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE Of 

RIO GRANDE 

VICINITY OF BUCKMAN, NEW MEXICO 



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Topography by R. C. Seitz 
Surveyed in 1915 



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1916 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE oF 
RIO GRANDE 
EMBUDO. NEW MEXICO. TO COLORADO STATE LINE SHEET A 



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R. B. Marshall, Chief Geoerapher 
Sledge Tatum, Geoerapher in charge 
Topography by R. C. Seitz 
Surveyed in 1915 




Contour interval on land 26 feet 
Contour interval on river surface 5 feet 
Datum is mean eea level 
1916 



DECLINATION ' 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

RIO GRANDE 

EMBUDO, NEW MEXICO, TO COLORADO STATE LINE 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 421 PLATE IV 




R. B, Maishall, Chiel Geoerapher 
Sledge Tatum. Geographe. in charge 
Topography by R. C Seitz 
Surveyed in 1915 



Contour interval on land 25 feet 
Contour interval on river surface 5 feet 
Datum ia mean 6ea Wvel 
1916 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

RIO GRANDE 

EMBUDO, NEW MEXICO. TO COLORADO STATE LINE 



SHEET C 




COLO RAPq^ 




WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 421 PLATE V 




KEY MAP OF PLAN SHEETS 



R. B. Marshall, Chiel Geoetapher "" 
Sledge Tatum, Geogrrapher in charge 
Topography by R. C. Seitz 
Surveyed in 1915 



Scales!^ 



Subject to adjustment 



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Contoar interval on land 26 feet 
Contour interval on river surface 6 feet 
Datum ia mean tea Imet 
1916 



5 SHEETS 
(3 plans, 2 profiles) 



U S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

RIO GRANDE 

EMBUbO, NEW MEXICO, TO COLORADO STATE LINE 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 






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, by R. C. Seitz 
in 1915 



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Vertical scale 1 inch = 40 feet 

Datum is mean aea level 

1916 



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U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

RIO GRANDE 

EMBUDO, NEW MEXICO. TO COLORADO STATE LINE 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 4S1 PLATE 





R. B. Mafshall, Chief Geographer 
Sledge Tatum, Geographer in charge 
Topography by R, C. Seilz 
Surveyed in 1915 



5 SHEETS 
(3 plans, 2 profiles) 



Vertical scale 1 inch =40 feet 
Datum i» mean tea level 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

PECOS RIVER 

ABOVE ALEXANDER VALLE GRANT. NEW MEXICO 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 421 PLATE VIII 




/ 

'ALEXANDER VAILE. 
G/tANT 



R. B, Marshall, Chief Geoerapher 
Sledje Tatum, Geographer in chaige 
Topography by R. C. Seitz 
Surveyed in 1915 





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bec&use f^ndp/afs and topography can not be 
reconciled and corners couianotbefouna. 



Elevations are baaed on an assumed height of 6.900 feet at top of 
iron post at northwest comer of Alexander Valle jrant 



Scale 31^680 



4,000 2,000 



Contour interval on land 25 feet 

Contour interval on river surface 5feet 

Datum is mean sea level 

1916 I 



Subject 10 adiuslmeni 2 SHEETS 

(I plan. 1 profile) 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE Of 

PECOS RIVER 

ABOVE ALEXANDER VALLE GRANT, NEW MEXICO 



J^^I^liUPPLY PAPER 




Elevations are taswi on an assumed height of 6,900 feet at top of 
iron post atnortawEst corner of Alexander Valle grant 



Subject to adjustment 



R. B. Marshall, Chief Geographer 
Sledge Tatom, Geographer in charge 
Topography by R. C- Seitz 
Surveyed in 1915 



2 SHEETS 
(1 plan, 1 profile) 



Vertical scale 1 inch = 40 feet 

Dalum is mean lea level 

1916 



U. S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

MORA RIVER 

MOUTH TO EAST BOUNDARY OF MORA GRANT, NEW MEXICO 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 421 PLATE X 




R B, Marshall, Chief Geograpner 
Sl-dge Talum, Geographer in charge 
Topography by R. C. Seitz 
Surveyed in 1915 



Scale"JiW 



4.000 2,000 



Contour interval on land 26 feet 

Contour interval on river surface 5 fe«t 

Datum is mean aea tev«l 

1916 



EHevations are referred to an assumed 
Might of 4,694 feet at B. M. at mouth 
of Mora River 

Subject to adjustmeni 2 SHEETS 

(1 plan, I profile) 



I 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

MORA RIVER 

MOUTH TO EAST BOUNDARY OF MORA GRANT, NEW MEXICO 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 421 PLATE XI 




Elevations are referred to an assumeo 
height of 4.694 feet at B. M. at mouth 
of Mora River 



Subject to adjustment 



R B. IVIarshall, Chief Geoerapnei 
Sledge Tatum, Geographer in charge 
Topography by R. C. Seitz 
Surveyed in 1915 



2 SHEETS 
(1 plan, I profile) 



Vertical scale 1 inch = 40 feet 

Datum w mean sea level 

1916 



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